In the course of a highly-publicized visit of a high-profile visit to Washington D.C. by Mohammed bin Salman (commonly called “MBS”), Saudi Arabia and the United States announced two major agreements that represent an important increase in bilateral relations: one on the sale of modern F-35 Lightning II fighter jets to Riyadh and another on long-term nuclear energy cooperation in the civil sector. The News International+3Geo News+3The Times of Israel+3
important aspects of the agreements
As per the White House, the two nations have signed a joint declaration on nuclear energy for civil use which is which is described in the document as “building the legal foundation for a decades-long, multi-billion-dollar nuclear energy partnership” that will be in line with strict non-proliferation norms. Geo News+1 Geo News+1 same at the same time it was also announced that there was a ratification by the U.S. approved a major defense sale in the region of Saudi Arabia that includes future delivery of F-35 fighter jets, a major decision given that until recently the F-35 was not delivered to Riyadh. The Times of Israel+1
In addition, as part of the trip and negotiations it was announced that the U.S. designated Saudi Arabia as an “major non-NATO ally,” which demonstrates the growing importance of the two nations as a strategic partner. Geo News+1
what it will mean for the region and the world beyond
The deal for Saudi Arabia, acquiring the F-35 platform and having the access of U.S. civil nuclear technology are significant steps towards its modernization of defence and plans for energy diversification under Vision 2030. The F-35 deal will provide Riyadh its one of most advanced fighter jets and the nuclear partnership will help reduce the dependence of the kingdom on gas and oil by establishing renewable nuclear energy.
From the U.S. perspective, the agreements signal a shift in the strategic balance within the Middle East: strengthening alliances in an area that is a place where conflicts with Iran and China’s increasing presence have a significant impact on the geopolitics. The nuclear agreement also positions Washington as a major partner for Riyadh for the foreseeable future.
significant challenges and consequences
Although they are lauded however, these agreements are not without complexities and risk. The F-35 sale may raise concerns about the country’s “qualitative military edge,” that Washington has always protected within the area. The Times of Israel+1 The nuclear deal also comes under criticism: Saudi Arabia has historically refused to sign clauses prohibiting enriching uranium and reprocessing spent fuel, which are steps that are linked to the development of nuclear weapons. The news international+1 Additional obstacles include congressional scrutiny, technology transfer safeguards, as well as ensuring that respect for non-proliferation regulations.
what’s next to be watched
What will do the U.S. and Saudi Arabia design the nuclear cooperation deal and if Riyadh will accept conditions for non-proliferation including a ban on enrichment or Reprocessing.
Information about the F-35 deal: the number of aircraft, timetable for training, and if any restrictions are put in the aircraft’s configuration, or transfer.
Reactions from the regional actors, particularly Israel, and how this deal impacts the power balance within the Middle East.
Application of “major non-NATO ally” status and how it will result in real economic and military assistance to Saudi Arabia.
How do the nuclear and defence agreements are tied to the larger U.S.-Saudi commitments to investment and economic collaboration (including technologies, AI and infrastructure initiatives).
Conclusion
The visit of the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman to Washington and the subsequent significant agreements mark an important event in U.S.-Saudi relations. With agreements regarding F-35 fighter jets as well as nuclear energy for civil use, Riyadh and Washington have established the foundation to build a stronger and more strategic relationship. However, the success of these agreements will turn on careful negotiation, regional sensitivity–particularly to Israel–and adherence to non-proliferation standards. While both countries are moving from signing agreements to implementing them of the agreement, the global and regional effects of their partnership will be more apparent.